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The Effects of a Sound-Field Amplification System on Managerial Time in Middle School Physical Education Settings

Contact author: Stu Ryan, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, #72-259, Pensacola, FL 32514. E-mail: sryan{at}uwf.edu.

Purpose: The focus of this research effort was to examine the effect of a sound-field amplification system on managerial time in the beginning of class in a physical education setting.

Method: A multiple baseline design across participants was used to measure change in the managerial time of 2 middle school female physical education teachers using a portable sound-field amplification system. Managerial time is defined as the cumulative amount of time that students spend on organizational, transitional, and nonsubject matter tasks in a lesson.

Results: The findings showed that the amount of managerial time at the beginning of class clearly decreased when the teacher used sound-field amplification feedback to physical education students.

Conclusion: Findings indicate an immediate need for administrators to determine the most appropriate, cost-effective procedure to support sound-field amplification systems in existing physical education settings.

KEY WORDS: physical education, sound-field amplification system, managerial time

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